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Wine 101: Petrol, wet rocks and leather? What those weird wine words really mean


Read time 4 Mins

Posted 14 Dec 2023

By
Lulu Morris


Not sure you want a wine that tastes like smoked meat? You might be surprised. Let us explain the strangest words in wine. 

If wine is made from fermented grapes, then why do all these weird wine descriptions exist? Things like leather, forest floor, slate and *checks notes* newly opened tennis balls… It may seem like a bit of flowery wank, packaged up by hoity-toity sommeliers and the like, but in reality, these out-there notes can help you taste and appreciate the wine more. But how much of it is actual fact and how much is embellished for the sake of prose? Depends. 

Wine writers love a little poetic hyperbole. For example, Hugh Johnson writes in his book Wine: A Life Uncorked: “I have tasted first-attempt chardonnays that were like Dizzy Gillespie’s solos: all over the place. And the colour of his trumpet, too.” While that’s not giving too much away about the actual taste, there is an implied texture (if you know what Dizzy Gillespie sounds like). If we whittle away the metaphors and similes, we’re left with flavours, textures and aromas.

Taste and smell, unlike our other senses, are much trickier to pin down. The act of wine tasting, picking out very particular flavours (even selecting regions, years and grapes) takes a lot of practice and guidance. This is probably why wine tastings are run communally, to help people identify and understand what they’re tasting. Various wine wheels and graphs have been annotated to group these flavours – Dr Ann Noble’s wine aroma from the ’80s being the most famous, using “fruity”, “woody” and more to group notes.

What does science say about all this?So, we’ve mentioned the slight padding of wine language (it makes it much more fun to read), but what does the actual science have to say? Well, it's all organic chemistry, baby. The aromatic compounds within grapes are tightly bound to the sugars, preventing their scent detection. However, during the fermentation process, as sugars transform into alcohol, these delightful flavour compounds are liberated and become way more perceptible to our sense of smell. Many of these flavours come from the grapes themselves, but others are a delightful addition from fermentation, barrels and other interventions. Don’t worry we will (mostly) spare you the molecular mumbo-jumbo and do our best to explain some of the buzzier (bonkers) wine notes.
Rubber, petrol, kerosene and tennis ballsHold on – don’t throw that wine out! Believe it or not, it’s not faulty. Yes, that’s right, aromas of kerosene, petrol and rubber (like tennis balls) are naturally occurring tastes and smells that are nothing to be afraid of. These somewhat gross-sounding flavours are a result of (get ready for it) 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene or TDN, a compound that develops in sun-exposed grapes. You’ll find these aromas and very subtle tastes mostly in aged Aussie rieslings, as well as some sauvignon blancs and chardonnays. There is a bit of contention around the presence of TDN in wines; some wine folk believe it indicates a fault in the wine, but others disagree. So, without throwing our hat in the ring, we’ll leave it with you to decide whether you like it or not. However, if that rubber starts smelling more like burnt rubber, that is 100% a fault and we advise you not to drink it. 
Gamey, animal, meaty and smoked meats

These sorts of terms in wine can mean a few different things. Describing a wine as meaty could mean it's a very full-bodied wine, used to describe the mouthfeel and texture. Or it could quite literally be describing the taste. Smoked meat and grilled meat flavours have all been used to describe wines – most often in things like shiraz and mencia. 

Gamey descriptors, things like venison, fowl and even jerky, usually indicate there is a bit of age to the wine and are most apparent in older pinot noirs or reds from the Rhône

If we’re calling a wine ‘meaty’ because of its big, round, full-bodied and almost creamy texture, then the wine usually has some pretty hefty tannins or a higher ABV (alcohol content). These are particularly present in shiraz, mourvèdre, malbec, and some cabernets and merlots. Watch out for sharp metallic or tinny metal aromas in your wine – this could be a brettanomyces fault, which some even say resembles the smell of Band-Aids. 

Old leather, cocoa, pepper and spiceDrinking a wine that smells and tastes a little bit like old leather may seem disgoostin’. But don’t be afraid – it’s all thanks to a wonderful compound known as rotundone, which is particularly present in shiraz, but also in grenache and mourvèdre, to name just two others. Rotundone is that very strong and particularly recognisable flavour compound found in black and white pepper. This little compound works hard and makes for a good time in wine, so appreciate it.    
Roast tobaccoSmoking is bad for you, but hints of roast tobacco in wine are fine! They usually come part-and-parcel with flavours of cumin, fenugreek and molasses, and are most often the result of a little oxidation but they can also come with age. This means these “sotolon” flavours pop up in fortified wines like Madeira and Sherry, but also in very old red wines and even aged chardonnays.
Forest floor, wet rocks, granite and dirtThese buzzwords are usually used to expand on the earthy characteristics of wine. They are pretty easy to identify, just look out for rocks, dirt, flint and rain smells – typically things you'd smell in your garden. These kinds of tastes and smells sit in the savoury-style wine block, with the most famous and perhaps greatest example being pinot noir from Burgundy, which is very mineral-rich and earthy. This is a consistent trait in many cooler climate old-world wines, which intensify when aged. Other wine styles that have a good lot of dirt-like characters in them (in a good way) are sangiovese, nebbiolo, cabernet, cabernet franc, tempranillo and shiraz, whereas those wet gravel and flinty characters often go hand-in-hand with premium chardonnay.  
Cream, milk and butterGot milk? If there are some pretty strong wheyish flavours in your wine, odds are it’s undergone some malolactic fermentation, which is great – and delicious. In the malolactic fermentation process, bacteria eats the malic acid and converts to lactic acid (not as bad as it sounds). A byproduct of that process is a compound known as diacetyl. It’s responsible for that awesome buttery, creamy taste you find in white wines – most commonly in chardonnay – and that velvety, butter-smoothness in reds. 
A final wordDespite the initial weirdness of calling a wine leathery or grassy, learning these terms does come in handy, and they really are essential to understanding and appreciating wine. There are, of course, certain wines that are pushed a little too far and won’t be to everyone’s palate (we’re looking at you “funky” wines). But the joy of wine is finding what you do enjoy and expanding your tastes from there. So, we urge you not to be afraid of the petrol, the dirt or the meatiness – but to embrace it. After all, it’s there for a reason.
Wondering what other common wine words mean? Check out our glossary that breaks down a lot of the key wine terms.